Why Was The Revolutionary War So Important - 902 Words

Black Americans were instrumental and influential in the American revolutionary era, the war had a tremendous impact on them but despite that, they in turn played a crucial role in influencing the course of the conflict. Among the crucial roles played by the enslaved American Blacks were service in the military where they were divided in two, some of them think independence may help them earn their freedom and those are the enslaved blacks who paid loyalty to Jefferson and his movement. Other blacks paid allegiance to the British and fought alongside with them since Britain had promised them freedom and liberty for whoever join them in the fight. Why was the revolutionary war so important to the American blacks? Since the war was mainly not about the abolition of slavery but to free a nation from foreign occupation and a system of colonialism? â€Å"Since the black Americans fought in both sides of the enemies, their informal partnership they formed with British infuriated while colonies pushing many towards the drastic step of declaring independence.† â€Å"Woody Holton†. So these tells that, black Americans were instrumental in the American revolutionary war. Even though not all the slaves attained freedom and liberty during the aftermath of the war. The independence was attained but still many black American slaves were considered property by some plantation masters. One of the most interesting and ironically was that unfortunately for many black Americans the aftermathShow MoreRelatedChina s Revolutionary War : A Successful Revolutionary Insurgency1218 Words   |  5 PagesChina’s revolutionary war. 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The keys to conducting a successful revolutionary insurgency include understanding that the laws of war are developmental, that a wholeRead MoreHistory - 10th Grade Short Essays.1379 Words   |  6 PagesWashington made him a good choice for commanding the revolutionary army? What were his most valuable contributions to independence? Washington would lead the Patriots to a surprising victory over Great Britain. There are many qualities that made George Washington into the great leader that he was. These qualities can be seen by the many decisions he made throughout his role as Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army and as President. Washington was a heroic man. As a general of the Continental ArmyRead MoreEvents and People that Shaped History Essay1108 Words   |  5 PagesAmerica. 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Online Web Based Blogging Platform - 999 Words

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Problem Summary Blogging or weblog is the new way to express your thoughts your lifestyle and your passion in this world now. We read so many blogs and somehow we thoughts that we should also start writing, But the problem here is that we don’t want to do that much of process of to go to website or make our own website open the WordPress learn how to use that numbers of its functionality Right ? Don’t worry we have a good news for you that we have this application where you can start writing your blog in an easy way. No need to do learn lots of things functionalities or no need to download some widgets or other stuff. Its SIMPLE AND EASY! So the other problem with the web based blogging platform is that user need to go to go that website specifically open the website and login to the website every time that they need to do the blogging but and the thing with that is this take too much time and irritating. When here is that process narrow down to one simple click just open the app and start blogging. Because in the application login is the one time process. That’s the major problem related to the web based blogging other problems are that you need to be a skill full to use that functions. You cannot easily take the other topics in the favourite section of yours or read other bloggers blog. You cannot do this offline that very important right now 1.2 Purpose The main purpose of this android application is nothing but to solve the problem of blogger to useShow MoreRelatedCitizen Journalism Essay1411 Words   |  6 PagesCitizen journalism is the concept of average citizens playing an active role in the media. Blogging, social networks and participatory news sites have helped to contribute to the growth of citizen journalism. The idea of reporting instantly from any place at any time has grown to become a key tool in journalism today. 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The Need to Enforce Uniforms in Our Schools - 1128 Words

Imagine three sixth grade girls walking into different schools on their first day. One girl is wearing a t-shirt, jeans, and sneakers with no name brands. As she walks in her classroom she immediately feels out of place because she surrounded by her peers wearing the most expensive name brands she has ever seen. The second girl walks into school wearing Abercrombie jeans, a Lilly Pulitzer top, and Sperry’s that makes her feel popular because of her clothing. The last girl walks into her school wearing a khaki skirt and a purple polo shirt-- her school’s colors. She feels comfortable and fits right in with her other peers that are wearing the same uniform. Which girl would you rather be? The one that feels like she does not belong, the girl whose confidence is in her clothes instead of her personality, or the girl who has high self esteem? This debate goes on everyday in schools, communities, and even families. 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Classification and comparative analysis of English negative affixes free essay sample

International University of Nature, Society and Man # 8220 ; Dubna # 8221 ; Course paper # 171 ; Classification and comparative analysis of English negative affixes # 187 ; Made by: A.A. Yakovleva, 3042 Supervised by: S.V. Verbitskaya Dubna 2009 Content The debut 1. Word-formation. Affixation 2. The semantics of the negative affixes and their comparative analysis 3. The topographic point of affixes in the categorization of morphemes and categorizations of negative affixes 4. The maps of negative affixes The decision The debut The purpose of our work is to individual out, describe, comparison and happen the possible ways of categorization of English negative affixes. The scientific involvement of this work can be the undermentioned: we will familiarise ourselves with English negative affixes, larn how they differ semantically from each other, which affixes are used with roots of different parts of address and what parts of address they form ( there we can besides see if these affixes are able to transform words of one portion of address into another ) , what their maps and distinctive features of use are, and which affixes are more productive and widely used today. It is really of import to cognize as more affixes, as possible, because many English words are formed by uniting prefixes and postfixs to establish words. The more prefixes and postfixs we know, the easier it will be for us to calculate out the significances of these words [ 1, 287 ] . Harmonizing to this the undertakings of the work will be the followers: 1 ) to happen out which affixes may be considered as negative ; 2 ) to look for their significances in different lexicons and add them with illustrations ; 3 ) to happen out how affixes can be divided into categories and the topographic point of negative affixes in these categorizations ; 4 ) to see how these affixes are realized in different contexts, what functions they perform ; 5 ) to happen out which affixes are used with roots of different parts of address and what parts of address they form together. 1. Word-formation. Affixation The system of English linguistic communication is an unfastened system. That means that it is invariably added by new words. Harmonizing to the Oxford Dictionary, merely 7,5 % words in the vocabulary of English are adoptions [ 7 ] . The huge bulk of words appear through changings in the lexical units preserved in the linguistic communication system, trough the word-formation. Word-formation is the procedure of constructing up new words from words of the same root, and as a consequence of this there is a formal-semantic correspondence between derivative and derived words [ 4, 56 ] . It should be mentioned, that there are certain forms of word-formation in English. It is the circuit, sample, parallel, theoretical account, all that fix a regulation of building of derivative words, regulation, which takes into history a type of derivative bases and word-building agencies and general semantics, formed as a consequence of their interaction, of the same words. One theoretical account can besides match to different alterations of significance and be a beginning of confusion and misconstruing for foreign scholars. These forms may be productive or non in different linguistic communications. It was noticed by many bookmans long ago, that one derivative form can give about space or, at least, important figure of derived functions, others are characterized by inability to free word-building. There are several sorts of word-formation and different sorts of them are productive in different linguistic communications. The major ways of word-formation are intensifying, affixation and transition ( besides called zero-affixation ) . Affixation remains a really productive type of word-formation in English linguistic communication. Affixation is the derivation of new words by adding affixes to them, which are postfixs and prefixes. We can analyze a peculiar word from the point ofmorphologicalandderivational analyses. Covering with morphological analysis we merely split the word into constitute parts. When the word is divided into its ultimate constituencies the morphological analysis is completed. While making derivational analysis we find how the word was constructed, which is its derivative and what agencies have been used to construct up the word [ 4, 59 ] . So, the procedure of affixation should be explored within derivational analysis, non morphological. But talking of affixes in general we are interested in both morphological and derivational analyses. There is a certain division of morphemes within the morphemic analysis. English syntacticians normally point out two standards, which are the bases of the morphemic construction. They arethe positional standard the location of the morphemes with respect to each other, andthe semantic ( or functional ) standard the part of the morphemes to the general significance of the word. So harmonizing to the first there are root-morphemes and affixial morphemes, roots and affixes. The semantic difference between them is obvious: root morphemes have the concrete, # 8220 ; stuff # 8221 ; significance, while affixes merely stipulate the chief significance, or transform the significance of the root [ 4, 59 ] . Finally, we can see that there are several types of word-building in English pointed out by many bookmans and affixation is one of the most productive. There are certain forms of word-formation and several types of morphemes. The latter can be studied from the point of position of two complementary analyses. 2. The semantics of the affixes and their comparative analysis affix negative morpheme semantic The first measure in our analyzing English negative affixes is to give a definition of the affix itself. Here is a definition given in Oxford Advanced Lerner # 8217 ; s Dictionary of Current English.Affixis a missive or group of letters added to the beginning or terminal of a word to alter its significance [ 8 ] . This definition takes into history merely prefixes and postfixs. But it does non cover all the sorts of affixes. It is of import to maintain in head that there are besides different types of affixes present in the English linguistic communication every bit good: -circumfix( one part appears at the forepart of a root, and the other at the rear, like in ascattered) , -simulfix( alterations a section of a root, like in mouse-micvitamin E ) , -suprafix( alterations a suprasegmental phoneme of a root, for illustration, the alteration of an similar in produce ( noun ) -produCe ( verb ) ) ; -duflifix( incorporates a reduplicated part of a root ( may happen in forepart, at the rear, or within the root ) , like in Teeny-weeny ) [ 9 ] . So we see that the definition should be wider. So, if we besides take into history that the morphemes are by and large divided into root- and affixial morphemes, the definition will be the followers:affifxis a morpheme that is attached to the root to organize a new word with another significance. It was written much about semantics of an affix. There are heated arguments in the lingual literature, whether the affix has significance in general, and if yes, what type of significance. There are different points of position, often opposite, which, nevertheless, can be reduced to several basic waies: 1 ) The affix has no independent significance ; it merely forms the external side of a word ; 2 ) The affix carries out fundamentally merely transporting map, interpreting a footing from one lexical and grammatical category in another, and lexically is empty ; 3 ) The affix can be characterized by presence of a assorted kind of significances: one affixes show a broad and assorted circle of lexical significances, others merely grammatic significances [ 3, 138 ] . It is besides of import to detect that # 8220 ; affixes specify, or transform the significance of the root. Affixal specification may be of two sorts: of lexical or grammatical character. So, harmonizing to the semantic standard affixes are farther subdivided intolexical, orword-building ( derivational ) affixes, which together with the root constitute the rootof the word, and grammatical, or word-changing affixes, showing different morphological classs, such as figure, instance, tense and others. With the aid of lexical affixes new words are derived, or built ; with the aid of grammatical affixes the signifier of the word is changed # 8221 ; [ 2, 57 ] . One of our farther purposes will be to analyze whether English negative affixes are lexical or grammatical or they can be of both types. On this phase of the analyses rises the inquiry of the standard for mentioning affixes to negative and what affixes can be called negative. For the reply it is better to look up the word # 8221 ; negative # 8221 ; in the dictionary first. So, the Longman dictionary gives the undermentioned definition: negative: 1 ) a refusing, doubting, or disapproving ; stating or intending # 8216 ; no # 8217 ; , B incorporating one of the words # 8216 ; no # 8217 ; , # 8216 ; non # 8217 ; , # 8216 ; nil, # 8216 ; neer # 8217 ; etc. 2 ) without any active, utile or assisting qualities ; non constructive 3 ) demoing the deficiency of what was hoped for or expected [ 6 ] . From the present definition we see that the first significance of these words is better applicable to stick on, and this significance should be the standards for calculating out negative affixes. Our following undertaking is to see, which affixes are considered to be negative. Harmonizing to the old statement they are the undermentioned: a- , ant ( I ) , dis- , dys- , in- , mal- , mis- , nega- , non- , un- [ 9 ] . From this list we can see, that they are all prefixes. So arises the inquiry, is the negative map in English world-building performed merely by prefixes. If we consult other beginnings we see that there is one postfix altering the significance of the word to the antonym: -less ( motion-motionless) [ 3, 137 ] . And we besides add it to this list. As for the prefixes, de- can besides transport the thought of opposition, and il- , im- and ir- must be added excessively, as they are the allomorphs of in- . So allow us see what their significances are. So if we consult Longman Dictionary of English Language and civilization, the consequence will be the undermentioned. a- :( demoing an opposite or absence of something ) non ; without: amoral ( =not lesson ) anti- :1 apposed to ; against: antinuclear ( apposing the usage of atomic arms and power ) 2 antonym of: an anticlimax ( =an unexciting stoping of the expected flood tide ) contra- :opposite ( workss is contradiction to animate beings ) de- :( in verbs and nouns ) ( demoing an opposite ) : a depopulated country ( which all or most of the population has left ) dis- :( demoing an opposite or negative ) : I disapprove ( =do non O.K. ) il-:unlogical ( =not logical ) im- :immobilise in- :( particularly in adjectives and nouns ) ( demoing a negative, an apposite, or a deficiency ) non: insensible ir- :non: guerrilla ( =not habitue ) mal-: bad or severely: a malformed ( =wrongly shaped ) limb mis-: 1 bad or severely: bad luck ; 2 incorrect or wrongly: a misreckoning 3 ( demoing an antonym or the deficiency of something ) : I mistrust ( =do non trust ) him non-: ( particularly in adjectives and nouns ) ( demoing a negative ) non: a non-smoker ( =someone who does non fumes ) un- :1 ( particularly in adjectives and adverbs ) demoing a negative, a deficiency, or an opposite ) non: unfair ; 2 ( particularly in verbs ) ( demoing an opposite ) : undress ( take one # 8217 ; s apparels off ) less( in adjectives ) : 1 without a : a childless twosome ( = who have no kids ) ; 2 that neer -s or can non be -ed: helpless ( = can non be helped ) [ 6 ] For the prefixes il- , im- , ir- there are no definitions in the dictionary, as they all refer to the suffix in- . The facet of their difference is explained by allo-morphemic theory. When analyzing morphemes, we should separate morphemes as generalised linguistic units from their concrete manifestations, or discrepancies in specific textual environments ; discrepancies of morphemes are called # 8220 ; allo-morphs # 8221 ; . The allo-morphemic theory distinguishes morphemes harmonizing to their concrete realisation. In the survey of morphemes it was developed in Descriptive Linguistic by agencies of distributional analysis. There are three types of distribution so: incompatible distribution, non-contrastive distribution and complementary distribution. Contrastive distribution means that morphs express different significances in indistinguishable environments, e.g. : He startedexpress joying # 8211 ; He startsexpress joying. The morphs are said to be in non-contrastive distribution if they express indistinguishable significance in indistinguishable environments ; such morphs constitute # 8216 ; free discrepancies # 8217 ; of the same morpheme, e.g. : learned # 8211 ; learnt. The morphs are in complementary distribution when they express indistinguishable significances in different environments, e.g. : He started express joying # 8211 ; He stopped express joying ; such morphs constitute discrepancies, or allo-morphs of the same morpheme [ 4, 60-61 ] . Allo-morphemic theory plays an of import function in the descriptive analysis of negative affixes. One of the most active negative affixes is in- . Its allomorphs are il- , im- , ir- . That means that they carry on the same significance, but they are attached to different roots. It can be a great job for English scholars, therefore it is of import to clear up the regulations of allo-morphemic affixes. The in- alterations or is assimilated toil-if the root begins with cubic decimeter, as in illuminate; toim-before B, as in imbibe, before m, as in immediate, before P, as with implant; and toir-before R, as in irrigate.So the distribution of the allo-morphs concerned is complementary. It is rather sensible to give the illustrations to these affixes and the definitions of these words given in the lexicon. untypical: non typical ; different from what is usual: Her reaction to the drug was untypical. flak: directed against enemy aircraft: flak missiles contraindication: a physical mark or status that makes it unadvisable to take or go on taking a medical specialty: High blood force per unit area is a contraindication for this drug. destabilise: to do less house or steady, particularly politically: a deliberate effort to destabilise the economic system of a rival state disclaim: to province that 1 does non hold or accept ; to deny: He disclaimed all duty for the accident. nonreader: who has nor learnt to read or compose: ( fig. ) an illiterate note. immodest: screening or be givening to show a high sentiment of oneself and oneself # 8217 ; s abilities, possibly higher than is truly deserved ; non modest: immodest behavior. inactivity: deficiency of action or activity ; quality or province of making nil irrational: non utilizing ground ; against sensible behavior: After taking the drug she became rather irrational. miscount: to number wrongly: The instructor miscounted the figure of male childs. nonresident: a individual non populating in a certain topographic point: Are nonresidents entitled to vote? unheralded: holding given no mark of being present ; appear out of the blue: He burst into physician # 8217 ; s room rather unheralded and started shouting at her. countless: really many ; excessively many to be counted: infinite grounds against it. [ 6 ] Since we have even more illustrations of words with the negative affixes, it is more possible to use the definitions of the affixes to the definitions of the words with these affixes. It is going clear so that the significances of the affixes given in the lexicon are rather general. It was stated above, that affix has no independent significance, so merely when attached to words, affixes get a more specific significance in each instance. The ground for it is that affix is non an independent unit ; therefore its significance taken individually can be stated merely by and large. To do the analysis more complete we should confer with at least one other dictionary. So if it is Oxford Advanced Lerner # 8217 ; s Dictionary of Current English, the consequence will be the undermentioned. a- :( in nouns, adjectives and adverbs ) non ; without: amoral ( =not moral ) : atheists anti- :1 apposed to ; against: anti-tank arms 2 the antonym of: an anti-hero contra- :( in nouns, verbs and adjectives ) against ; opposite: contraflow de- :( in verbs and related nouns, adjectives and adverbs ) : the antonym of: decentalisation dis- :( in adjectives, adverbs, nouns and verbs ) : non ; the antonym of: dishonest il-suffix=in im-=in in- :( besides il- im- ir- ) ( in adjectives, adverbs and nouns ) : non ; the antonym of: space ir-=in mal- :( in nouns, verbs and adjectives ) : bad or severely ; non rectify or right: malpractice mis- :( in verbs and nouns ) bad or incorrect ; severely or wrongly non- :( in nouns, adjectives and adverbs ) : non: bunk un- :1 ( in adjectives, adverbs and nouns ) : non ; the antonym of: unable 2 ( in verbs that describe the antonym of a procedure ) : unlock less- :( in adjectives ) : 1without: treeless 2 non making ; non affected by: tireless [ 7 ] Such affixes like mys- and nega- , which are present in the list of negative affixes, are non present in both Longman and Oxford lexicons, every bit good as words with them, so we can do a suggestion that they are non productive presents, that is no words are built with it. But there are found some words get downing with dys- , like dysfunctional ( =not working in a satisfactory or successful manner ) , or dyslexia ( =a little upset of the encephalon that causes trouble in reading and spelling, for illustration, but does non impact intelligence ) . Therefore, it should be included in the list of negative affixes to do it more complete. It is obvious, that the prefix dys- truly exists and has about the same significance as the prefix dis- . Analyzing the significances given by both lexicons we can do a decision that they merely somewhat differ in significances in different lexicons ( for illustration, contra- in Longman Dictionary means # 8220 ; opposite # 8221 ; , while Oxford Dictionary gives a wider definition # 8211 ; # 8220 ; against ; opposite # 8221 ; , and like ) , and harmonizing to the illustrations the significances given there reflect the extra significance, which they bring to the derivative word. All the negative affixes posses the significance of either resistance or deficiency of something that besides carries the thought of negation. The Oxford lexicon marks the word category of the word the affix belongs to, what is non ever done in Longman lexicon. It is really utile for our farther classificatrional analysis. But it is known that some words can get several negative affixes and new words can look semantically similar to linguistic communication scholars. It is a ill-mannered error to misapply the affixes. So on this phase of analysis appears a inquiry, why some words are attached with a certain negative affix and others are attached with others. And it is besides really of import to happen out how non to blend up some affixes with really similar significances. The Longman lexicon contains an article comparing prefixes un- , in- and non- , which look really much alike at the first sight. # 8220 ; The difference between them is the grade to which they suggest the thought of the antonym instead than negative. Non- is normally merely negative ( for illustration, nonalcoholic drinks contain no intoxicant ) , but un- is frequently used to propose an opposite quality. Comparison: He is applied for a nonscientific occupation ( =not connected with scientific discipline ) in the Civil Service. | It was really unscientific ( =showing excessively small attending to scientific rules ) non to mensurate your consequences. Of the three prefixes ( un- , in- , non- ) , in- tends most frequently to propose opposite qualities. Comparison: their inhuman ( =very cruel ) intervention of political captives | The archaeologists discovered both human and non-human castanetss # 8221 ; . This account is a great aid for linguistic communication scholars and besides for the practical intents of our work. [ 6 ] 3. The topographic point of affixes in categorizations of morphemes. The categorizations of negative affixes It has already been said that English syntacticians normally point out two chief standards for the general categorization of morphemes: the positional standard and the semantic ( or functional ) standard. And harmonizing to them there areroot-morphemesandaffixal morphemes, roots and affixes [ 4, 58 ] . For illustration, in the word miscast # 8220 ; cast # 8221 ; is a root and # 8220 ; mis- # 8221 ; is an affix. The semantic difference between them is obvious: root morphemes have the concrete, # 8220 ; stuff # 8221 ; significance, while affixes merely stipulate the chief significance, or transform the significance of the root. In the given illustration # 8220 ; cast # 8221 ; means # 8220 ; to to take histrions to plot the different parts in the film/movie, play etc. # 8221 ; , while # 8220 ; mis- # 8221 ; means # 8220 ; severely or wrongly # 8221 ; [ 7 ] . So the complete significance of the word is compound from these two significance, but the first is the chief, as it i s independent, and the 2nd is linear. There is besides another division of morphemes in Descriptive Linguistics. Morphemes can befreeoredge. Free morphemes can construct up words by themselves, for illustration, place. Bound morphemes are used merely as parts of words, like dis- in neglect[ 4, 58 ] . So, as all the affixes are attached to some root ( as affixes do ) , they are all can be referred to the category of edge morphemes. Morphemes besides can be divided intoovertandcovert. The latter shows the meaningful absence of a morpheme distinguished in the resistance of grammatical signifiers in paradigms [ 4, 59 ] . For illustration in the paradigm of noun in the word manus # 8211 ; s is a covert morpheme. As postfixs can be either present or absent in the word construction they can be of both sorts in different contexts. Full moonO R meaningful morphemes are opposed toemptymorphemes. The ulterior 1s have no significance like the full 1s, for illustration, in the word # 8216 ; kids morphemes. The ulterior 1s have no significance like the full 1s, for illustration, in the word ‘children # 8217 ; child- is the root of the word, bearing the nucleus of the significance, -en is the postfix of the plural, while -r- is an empty morpheme. In this instance it is clear that postfixs can besides be of both sorts, but normally, as it was already mentioned, they have a certain significance [ 4, 59 ] . ’ child- is the root of the word, bearing the nucleus of the significance, -en is the postfix of the plural, while -r- is an empty morpheme. In this instance it is clear that postfixs can besides be of both sorts, but normally, as it was already mentioned, they have a certain significance [ 4, 59 ] . Segmentalmorphemes consist of phonemes, whilesupra-segmentalgo forth the phonemic content of the word unchanged, but the significance of the word is specified with the aid of assorted supra-segmental linguistic units, like in`convert ( a noun ) con`vert ( a verb ) . As postfixs refer to the segmental degree, they are all segmental morphemes [ 4, 60 ] . Linearmorphemes, which are freely combined in a word, e.g. : look+ed, small+er, are opposed toreplacivemorphemes, or root morphemes, which replace each other in paradigms, e.g. : sing -sang # 8211 ; sung [ 4, 60 ] . Within this categorization affixes are certain to mention to linear morphemes. And one more division is touninterruptedanddiscontinuousmorphemes. Continuous 1s are combined with each other in the same word, like in worked, while discontinuous consist of two constituents, used to organize analytical signifiers, for illustration, isrunning[ 4, 60 ]. As affixes can non dwell of several parts, so they are uninterrupted. The specification of affixes themselves can be of two sorts: lexical and grammatical. And harmonizing to this standard there arelexical, or word-building, or derivational affixes andgrammatical, or word changing affixes. The latest group expresses different morphological classs, such as figure, instance, tense and others. Grammar survey is chiefly concerned with grammatical affixes, because they change the word harmonizing to its grammatical classs and serve to infix the word into an utterance.Lexical affixes serve to construct new words, grammatical # 8211 ; to alter the signifier of the word, for illustration, travel # 8211 ; goes [ 4, 56 ] . Sing this categorization we can come to a decision that negative affixes, which we are interested in, refer to the group of lexical affixes, as they change the lexical significance of the word, non its signifier. For illustration, tobacco user # 8211 ; a individual who smokes ; non-smoker # 8211 ; a individual who does non smokes. Prefixes i n English are merely lexical, they do non transform a word into another portion of address ( understand-misunderstand ) . Suffixs can be both lexical and grammatical. For illustration, home-homeless, but go-goes. Grammatical postfixs are besides called inflections ( inflexions, inflectional terminations ) [ 4, 56 ] . Grammatical postfixs form word-changing, or morphological paradigms of words, which is typical for inflexional linguistic communications, but they can be observed in English excessively ( boy-boys ) . Lexical affixes are the topic of lexicology, because they change the significance of the word. In grammar they are regarded as formal indexs of belonging of the word to one or another portion of address. They form lexical ( word-building, or derivational ) paradigms of words united by a common root, for illustration, to make up ones mind determination decisive # 8211 ; resolutely [ 4, 56 ] . Affixs can besides be divided harmonizing to theirplace. They are divided intoprefixes( before the root ) andpostfixs( after the root ) [ 5, 136 ] . There are other types of affixes in different linguistic communications, but prefixes and postfixs are the most typical for English. As we have seen, the negative affixes tend to come largely from prefixes. One more meaningful parametric quantity in categorization of affixes is their semantic impact, due to which they are united in semantic groups of a type: affixes with significance of similarity( -al, -ial, -ed, -esque, -ful, -ic, -ical, -ish, -like, -ly, -ous, -some, -y, crypto- , neo- etc. ) ; affixes with significance of denying( a- , dis- , in- , non- , un- , -less ) , and it is the group of our peculiar involvement, as they besides can de callednegative; bantam affixes( -ette, -ie/-y, -ikin, -let, -ling ) ; affixes with meaningof the individual( -an, -ian, -arian, -ant, -ard, -by, her ( it ) , -een, -eer, -er, -ess, -ette, -ician, -ie, -ing, -ist, -ister, -kin, -ing, -ster, -ton ) ; affixes with significance of figure( bi- , demi- , di- , mono- , multi- , pan- , poly- , semi- , tri- , twi- , uni- ) ; and many others. It is impossible to talk about one complete categorization of this type, because many affixes are polysemous and different lexicographer refer them to different groups [ 5, 148 ] . Prefixs and postfixs form assorted subgroups depending on what from all assortment of belongingss, that they inherit, is selected as categorization parametric quantity. That can go, for illustration theirbeginning, on the footing of which there is a division intonative affixesandborrowed[ 5, 145 ] . As an illustration of borrowed affix we can take anti- , as in anticyclone, and as native # 8211 ; less, as in motionless. There is besides one more really of import categorization of affixes. It is known that affixes are attached to roots of different parts of address. And harmonizing to this they are called: substantial( like anti- , non- , dis- , -less ) ; adjectival( like dis- , un- , in- ) verbal( like dis- , de- , mis- ) ; adverbial( like un- , anti- , re- , non- ) [ 5, 146 ] . For illustration, if we take a noun ability, it can be attached with a prefix dis- : disablement. A verbal root codification can be transformed with the verbal prefix de: decode. An adverbial root, like easy, can be attached with the adverbial prefix un- : anxiously. It is besides notable to advert, that the footing of the categorization can be the portion of address, into which the given affix transforms a word. This categorization is referred to suffixes, as their function in definition of the features of derived functions # 8217 ; parts of address is more obvious, than that of prefixes. It is interesting that the names of the groups are the same as in the old categorization. So while categorization the standards for it must ever be mentioned. The groups are: -substantive( -dom, -ness ) ; verbal( -en, -ize ) ; adverbial( -ly ) ; -adjectival( -less ) [ 5, 146 ]. As it is seen, there is merely one negative affix in this categorization # 8211 ; suffix -less, so this categorization is non of much importance in our analysis. Due to the postfix # 8211 ; less we can transform a noun coloring materialto the adjectival colourless. Prefixs are non included into this categorization as they normally do non alter the portion of address of the word, but touch merely its significance. Several more categorizations are given in one of the Russian Dictionaries. Harmonizing to their map affixes are of two sorts: -of nominative map ( functioning to denote some objects, phenomena etc. ) ; -of structural ( linking ) map. To the first group belong word-building affixes and flexures. The first service to construct new words and the 2nd # 8211 ; to mention a word to this or that grammatical signifier. Affixes of structural map are called interfixes. They are used for connexion of two united morphemes, like in # 1087 ; # 1072 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1079 ;[ 2, 153 ] . They are non typical for English linguistic communication and all the negative affixes must be referred to the first group. Harmonizing to the distinctive features of combinability there is the undermentioned resistance: -regular ( multivalent ) affixes ; -irregular ( univalent ) affixes. Regular affixes are combined within the word with the different sorts of affixal or root morphemes, for illustration, un- ( unable, unacceptable) . Irregular affixes posses restricted combinability and are called unifixes ( like # 8211 ; # 1091 ; # 1093 ; in # 1076 ; # 1074 ; # 1091 ; # 1093 ;) . It is rather obvious that all the negative affixes are included into the first group excessively, because all they posses a certain word-building form and their grade of combinability is really high. [ 2, 153-154 ] Summarizing up, holding consulted some beginnings, we have found out, that there is a figure of categorizations of morphemes, and affixes in peculiar, harmonizing to different standards. 4. The maps of negative affixes As it was said above, negative affixes are lexical, because they are used to construct new words. And they besides ever convey some negative extra significance to the derivative word, altering its significance to opposite. From this it can be made a decision that one of the maps of English negative affixes is: 1 )To make opposite word of the derived functions. This map is performed merely if the portion if address is non changed ( and merely the postfix lupus erythematosus does alterations it ) . And if we look at them more by and large, as a portion of the discourse one more map appears: 2 )Bringing the negation to the sentence. Talking about the 2nd map it is of import to advert that there are 6 ways of negation on the sentence:negative affixes, negative atoms, negative pronounsand adverbs,negative concurrencesandnegative prepositions.Affixation is a morphological manner of negation ( while others are sintactical ) . The most popular negative affixes areun- , dis- , de-. To the verbs such prefixes likeun- , dis- , de-give the significance of opposite action. So, such affixes like dis- , mis- , in- , un- , less- and such bring to the sentence the thought of absence, want and opposition. It is of import to advert that there are certain regulations of combinability of affixes. For illustration, the prefixun- ,Germanic in its beginning, is non normally combined with the root of the word. Such words likeunlikeare non typical for English.More oftenthe atomnonis used alternatively. The prefix un- should be used with attention, as when is attached to the verbs, it tends to convey the significance of the opposite ac tion, every bit good asmis- , dis- , de-( tie untie ) . There are merely several verbs in English with these affixes, possessing the significance # 8220 ; non # 8221 ; . They are to dislike, discredit, misgiving. [ 3, 14-15 ] Nouns and adjectives are normally attached with such affixes likeun- , non- , in- ( im- , il- , ir- ) dis- , mis-. The closest to each other in intending arenon-andun-( but it was spoken earlier about their difference ) . The suffix less- is besides normally added to nouns and adjectives. The prefixun-is the closest in intending to this postfixless-( eternal unending, profitless unprofitable ) [ 3, 16 ] . So, we can come to the decision that the most widely used are the affixes de- , un- , Dis ; and negative affixes tend to come with nouns and adjectives. The root of verbs are non combined with them and the negation is expressed in the sentence by the analytical negative verb-form. So, the map of making opposite word can barely happen its application in verbs, but typical for nouns and adjectives. Let us take the novel of Lauren Weisberger # 8220 ; Chasing Harry Winston # 8221 ; for different illustrations of these two maps. We will take non merely sentences incorporating words with negative affixes, but besides sentences where negation is expressed in other ways, for illustration participialnon. It will assist to turn out ( or non to turn out the statement that the negation of actions are more likely to be expressed by the atomnon) . 1 ) When Leigh # 8217 ; s doorbell rangout of the blueat nine on Monday dark, she did non believe, Gee, I wonder who that could be. [ 8, 1 ] Here we see that the map of negation is performed here: it is stressed that Leigh did non anticipate the buzzer. Unexpectedly is derived from the wordanticipate( because there is no such word in English as # 8221 ;expectedly # 8221 ; [ 7 ] ) , so the first map is non performed here. 2 ) Where there people who really welcomedunheraldedvisitants when they merely stopped to # 8220 ; state hullo # 8221 ; or # 8220 ; look into in # 8221 ; ? [ 8, 1 ] In this illustration both maps are realized: there is a negation in the sentence ( there are few people who welcome visitants who arenonannounced ) , and the word unannounced comes from the word announced, being its opposite word. 3 ) The flat might hold been the most perfect she # 8217 ; vitamin D seen in a twelvemonth and a half of looking, but she hadnonwanted to take any opportunity. [ 8, 2 ] Here the negation in the sentence is expressed by the negative atomnon. It is used to alter the significance of the verb to the antonym, what is really frequent, as it was said above. 4 ) Before her, taking a QVC catalog from anunbarredletter box, stood an fleshy adult female in a polka-dot housedress. [ 8, 3 ] In the illustration above both maps are performed: unbarred is an opposite word forlockedand there is an thought of negation on the sentence ( from the letter box which was non locked ) . 5 )Nota twenty-four hours younger than 80, thought Leigh, and she breathed a suspiration of alleviation. [ 8, 3 ] This sentence is another illustration of the negation expressed by the negative atomnon. 6 ) How could she perchance have predicted that the apparentlyinnocuousupstairs neighbour was a dedicated wearer of monolithic wooden orthopedic getas? [ 8, 3 ] In the given illustration merely the 2nd map is performed ( the neighbour didnonlook a individual meaning to make injury ) , because there is no such a word as # 8220 ;nocuous # 8221 ; [ 8 ] , so antonymic map is irrelevant here. 7 ) Before she had spotted her neighbour have oning the offending places, Leigh had created an luxuriant account for therelentlessupstairs racket. [ 8, 4 ] Here we see the adjectival built with the postfix # 8211 ; less. As we remember it is the lone negative affix which transports a word from one portion of address to another. So it can non execute the antonymic map, because opposite word must mention to one portion of address ( relent is a verb, relentless is an adjectival [ 7 ] ) . The decision can be made that merely the 2nd map is expressed by the affix ( the upstairs racket which neer stopped traveling ) . 8 ) Leigh # 8217 ; s pharynx constricted and her pulsationinexplicablyquickened. [ 8, 5 ] In the sentence above inexplicably is derived fromexplicable, but non # 8220 ;explicably # 8221 ; , so it does non execute the antonymic map. But the affix expresses the map of negation in the sentence ( it wasnoneasy to explicate, why her pulsation quickened ) . 9 ) Leigh didnonbelieve she was a likely campaigner for a coronary: It was a panic onslaught, field and simple. [ 8, 5 ] 10 ) I amnonfalling for this, she thought as she stealthily dialed her doorkeeper. [ 8, 5 ] In the last two examples we can detect the look of the negation in the sentence with the participialnon. 11 ) In anuneffectiveeffort to chase away the terror, Leigh pressed her fingertips into her temples and stretched her cervix from side to side. [ 8, 5 ] Here uneffective is an opposite word ofeffectual, and the 2nd map is besides expressed by the affix ( the effort isnoneffectual ) . 12 ) Never mind that in 80 old ages of metropolis life she didnonpersonally known anyone who had been so much as pickpocketed, or that the opportunities of a psychopathologic liquidator taking her flat from more than two hundred other units in her edifice wasimprobable # 8230 ; 8, 6 ] In the illustration given in the first instance the negation is expressed by the atomnon, and in the 2nd instance improbable, which affix un- is besides one manner of showing the negation in the sentence, is besides an opposite word forprobably. From the illustrations above it can be seen that the most popular manner of negation is atomnon, as it is used in five illustrations from 12. The most active of the negative affixes areun-andin- (they are used in three illustrations each ) . The least active of the present 1s is the postfixless- ,it is used merely one time. What is besides of import for the classificational analysis of the negative affixes is to use different categorization to concrete illustrations of affixes. Therefore, when we deal with certain illustrations, we can see, how the categorizations given work. So let us take the illustrations 1, 6 and 7: out of the blue, innocuousand relentless. Unexpectedly: negative affix un- . Morphemic analysis: un-expect-ed-ly. Derivational analysis: expected # 8211 ; out of the blue. As all the affixes un- is bound, overt, full, segmental, linear, uninterrupted morpheme ( the same will be common for other classified affixes ) . It is a prefix, since it is in preposition to the root. It is a native affix. As it is an adjective harmonizing to the pert of address it is attached to. We can non talk of the categorization based on the standards of the portion of address of the built word, because it is non merely the affix which transfers the word from one portion of address to another. It is an affix of nominative map, because it is non an interfix, and it is regular, every bit long as it has certain theoretical accounts of combinability ( derivational forms ) . Innocuous: negative affix in- . Morphemic analysis: in-nocuous. Derivational analysis: can non be done, the word is non-derived. In- is a prefix. We can non use to it the categorizations, based on the portion of address the affix is attached to and the portion of address if signifiers, because this word does non hold derived functions, it was non built from any other word, it was created as it is. It has a nominative map, and it is regular. Relentless: negative affix # 8211 ; less. Morphemic analysis: relent-less. Derivational analysis: relent # 8211 ; relentless. It is verbal harmonizing to the standards of the word it is attached to, and adjective harmonizing to the portion of address of the derived word. It is besides regular and performs a nominative map. Summarizing up the written above, we can detect that: 1 ) All the negative affixes in context bring the negation into a sentence, and viewed independently, some of them execute the antonymic map. 2 ) Though it was stated that un- , dis- and de- are the most popular negative affixes, harmonizing to the present examples the most frequent are un- and in- . 3 ) Negative affixes are seldom attached to verbs. For the intent of negation verbs are more frequently preceded by a atomnonand the analytical signifier is used. The decision So, we are done with the comparative and classificational analysis. In this work we, foremost, managed to analyze different beginnings and to do one complete list of negative affixes. We found out that all affixes can be studied from two standards: morphological and derivational. These two standards were really utile in the farther classificational analyses. We besides studied one of the morphemic categorizations and stated the topographic point of affixes at that place. There are different points of position on the semantics of affixes, but most bookmans agree, that they have a sort of general, extra significance. So, lodging to this sentiment, we gave the significances of the negative affixes from different lexicons, compared them, and observed how they are expressed in different contexts. There are legion ways of sorting affixes. We tried to give as many categorizations of both morphemes in general and affixes in peculiar as possible and besides happen out, what topographic point is occupied by the negative affixes in any of so. Different sunglassess of significances were besides studied and the pick for different affixes for one and the same root was explained. We besides found out the chief maps of the negative affixes, taken independently and in the context. A popular novel was used for the context, which is an illustration of modern-day British literature. We besides studied which affixes are attached to different parts of address and which parts of words they so build. Analyzing the illustrations from the novel, we made a decision, which affixes are the most active presents ( which affixes are used most often ) . After giving the illustrations of the negative affixes in context, we singled out several words incorporating them and gave a complete descriptive analysis of the negative affixes utilizing all the possible ways of categorization studied earlier. Making this class paper, we gave a general overview to affixation as a manner of word formation, familiarized ourselves with English negative affixes, learned how they differ in sunglassess of intending from each other, and learned to distinguish them. We studied which affixes are used with roots of different parts of address and saw which of them are able to transform words of one portion of address into another, studied the distinctive features of their use. It is really utile for a linguist and a transcriber, it can be a great aid particularly in our hereafter survey and work. Bibliography 1. M.L Burns Scope English Writing and Language skill Level three # 8211 ; Scholastic Inc. , 1982. 2. # 1051 ; . # 1051 ; . # 1050 ; # 1072 ; # 1089 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1082 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; , # 1045 ; . # 1042 ; . # 1050 ; # 1083 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1091 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; , # 1055 ; . # 1040 ; . # 1051 ; # 1077 ; # 1082 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1090 ; # 1050 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1082 ; # 1080 ; # 1081 ; # 1089 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1095 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1082 ; # 1087 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; # 1091 ; # 1088 ; # 1091 ; # 1089 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; # 1091 ; # 1103 ; # 1079 ; # 1099 ; # 1082 ; # 1091 ; . # 8211 ; # 1052 ; . : # 1042 ; # 1099 ; # 1089 ; # 1096 ; # 1072 ; # 1103 ; # 1096 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1072 ; , 1995. # 8211 ; 382 # 1089 ; . 3. # 1051 ; . # 1043 ; . # 1055 ; # 1072 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1091 ; # 1082 ; , # 1047 ; . # 1057 ; . # 1061 ; # 1072 ; # 1073 ; # 1077 ; # 1082 ; # 1080 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; , # 1060 ; . # 1057 ; . # 1040 ; # 1076 ; # 1079 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1065 ; # 1090 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1094 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1077 ; # 1074 ; # 1084 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1086 ; # 1075 ; # 1080 ; # 1095 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1081 ; # 1080 ; # 1076 ; # 1080 ; # 1072 ; # 1083 ; # 1086 ; # 1075 ; # 1080 ; # 1095 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1081 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1095 ; # 1080 ; , # 1052 ; # 1072 ; # 1081 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1087 ; , 2004. 4. # 1040 ; . # 1040 ; . # 1056 ; # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; . # 1058 ; # 1077 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1080 ; # 1095 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1072 ; # 1103 ; # 1075 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1084 ; # 1084 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1080 ; # 1082 ; # 1072 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1075 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1081 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1103 ; # 1079 ; # 1099 ; # 1082 ; # 1072 ; : # 1091 ; # 1095 ; # 1077 ; # 1073 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1080 ; # 1095 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1077 ; # 1087 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1080 ; # 1077 ; . # 1041 ; # 1083 ; # 1072 ; # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1097 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; : # 1041 ; # 1043 ; # 1055 ; # 1059 ; , 2009. 118 # 1089 ; . 5. # 1047 ; . # 1040 ; . # 1061 ; # 1072 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1085 ; # 1095 ; # 1080 ; # 1082 ; # 1051 ; # 1077 ; # 1082 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1086 ; # 1075 ; # 1080 ; # 1103 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1075 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1081 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1103 ; # 1079 ; # 1099 ; # 1082 ; # 1072 ; . # 8211 ; # 1052 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; : # 1042 ; # 1099 ; # 1089 ; # 1096 ; # 1072 ; # 1103 ; # 1096 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1072 ; , 1992. 6. Addison Wesley Longman. Longman Dictionary of English Language and civilization. 1998. 7. A.S. Hornby. Edited by Sally Wehmeier. Oxford Advanced Lerner # 8217 ; s Dictionary of Current English. Oxford University Press. 2000 8. L. Weisberger Chasing Harry Winston. # 8211 ; New York: Symon and Svhuster. # 8211 ; 2008. 9. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.affixes.org/typesofaffix.html

Scarlet letter pearl Essay Example For Students

Scarlet letter pearl Essay The Little Human A IncarnateIn The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, many of the characters suffer from the tolls of sin, but none as horribly as Hesters daughter Pearl. She alone suffers from sin that is not her own, but rather that of her mother. From the day she is conceived, Pearl is portrayed as an offspring of evil. She is brought introduced to the pitiless domain of the Puritan religion from inside a jail, a place where no light can touch the depths of her mothers sin. The austere Puritan ways punish Hester through banishment from the community and the church, simultaneously punishing Pearl in the process. This isolation leads to an unspoken detachment and hatred between her and the other Puritan children. Thus we see how Pearl is conceived through sin, and how she suffers when her mother and the community situate this deed upon her like the scarlet letter on her mothers bosom. Pearl is thought of being an evil child with demon like qualities, yet she is spirited and very loving towards her mother. Hester Prynn constantly questions Pearls existence and purpose asking God, what is this being which I have brought into the world, evil? or inquiring to Pearl, Child, what art thou? Hester sees Pearl as a reminder of her sin, especially since as an infant Pearl is acutely aware of the scarlet letter A on her mother’s chest. When still in her crib, Pearl reached up and grasped the letter, causing Hester Prynne to clutch the fatal token so infinite was the torture inflicted by the intelligent touch of Pearls baby-hand (Hawthorne 66). The torture Hester felt was reflected by the significant reminder of the sin that brought Pearl into life. Hester feels guilty whenever she sees Pearl, a feeling she reflects onto her innocent child. In this manner, Hester forces the child to become detached from society. Pearl becomes no more than a manifestation based entirely upon Hesters and Dimmesdales original sin. She is described as the scarlet letter in another form; the scarlet letter endo wed with life!(70). Or in other words a living child demonstrating her parents sin. Hesters views toward Pearl changes from merely questioning Pearls existence to perceiving Pearl as a demon sent to make her suffer. Hawthorne remarks that at times Hester is, feeling that her penance might best be wrought out by this unutterable pain(67). Hester even tries to deny that this imp is her child, Thou art not my child! Thou art no Pearl of mine!(73; 67) It is small wonder that Pearl, who has been raised around sin, becomes little more than a reflection of her environment. Hester believes that Pearl is an instrument of the devil, when in reality she is merely a curious child who cherishes her free nature and wants to be loved by her mother. Pearl is a very spirited child whose love for her mother is deep even though she does not always show it. Hester feels guilty because she truly believes in her heart that it is her sin causing Pearl to become aware of harsh realities of the world. Pearl responds to this harshness by defending her mother, sticking up for Hester against t he Puritan children when they start to hurl mud at her. Pearls lack of friends forces her to imagine the forest as her plaything. However, she is clearly upset about her exclusion from the people of the town, whom she views as enemies. The pine trees needed little to become Puritan elders and the ugliest of weeds their children (65). Pearl acts to use her environment as a basis for her personality:She never created a friend, but seemed always to be sowing, broadcast the dragons teeth, whence sprung a harvest of armed enemies, against whom she rushed to battle. It was inexpressibly sad- then what depth of sorrow to a mother, who felt her own heart the cause! (65) â€Å"sprung a harvest of armed enemies† is a metaphor that Hawthorne uses in a way to display Pearls imagination. Hester knows that her sin is the reason that Pearl has to imagine friends because of the isolation from the Puritan people and

Specific Heat Capacity of Water (DCP and CE) free essay sample

The uncertainty in time interval is taken 0.1s because the stopwatch we used had a least count of 0.1 s and was digital. Here, uncertainty in temperature is 0.5 °C because the least count of the thermometer was 1 °C and it was an analog thermometer. So uncertainty is half the least count. Now, the average temperature was calculated by taking the sum of the four temperature values for a specific time and dividing the sum by 4. The uncertainty in temperature was calculated by finding the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value and then dividing it by 2. Sample Calculations: 1. Average temperature = (27+28+28+27)/4 = 27.5 = 28 °C 2. Uncertainty in temperature = (Max-Min)/2 = (28-27)/2 = 0.5 = 1 °C Table 2: Table showing average temperature and uncertainty in this average with corresponding time Time/s  ± 0.1 s Average temperature/ °C Uncertainty in temperature/ °C The relatively low percentage uncertainty and discrepancy show that the experiment was very precise and accurate. This means that both random and systematic errors were very low. We will write a custom essay sample on Specific Heat Capacity of Water (DCP and CE) or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, there is an outlier in the graph, so there was a systematic error for that value of ‘t’. According to the hypothesis, the graph was supposed to be a straight line which passes through the origin. But here, we can see a y-intercept. This means that even when the time was zero, there was a certain temperature (23.8 °C). Here, we know that this is the temperature of the water according to the surrounding when the heating process had not started. And the value from the graph (23.8 °C) is quite close to the actual observed value during the experiment (26 °C). The range of the y-intercept also includes a value that can be explained with the same explanation. ERROR EVALUATION As mentioned above, the low percentage uncertainty and discrepancy shows that the errors are not very significant. The errors are listed below along with improvements. Random errors: 1. Difficulty in measuring temperature – Measuring the temperature while it was rising was a little tricky as both the time and the temperature had to be observed simultaneously. This was, however, made easier by having two people in the team. 2. Temperature of water is not same throughout the beaker – This means that the water heating does not take place uniformly, so the relative position of the heater and the thermometer affects the values of temperature. Using a heater from the bottom and keeping the thermometer at a fixed height from the bottom would reduce this error. 3. Least count of thermometer – The thermometer we used had a least count of 1 °C which is quite high. Using a temperature probe would give us more precise values. Systematic errors: 1. Time taken to heat the heater itself – The heater itself took some time to heat up which could be the cause for the outlier in the graph. 2. Heat lost to surroundings – Heat is lost to the atmosphere as well as the beaker while heating. This constantly decreases the amount of energy supplied, resulting in a lower value for ‘c’. Using a calorimeter with a lid would reduce this. 3. The beaker was kept open – This resulted in evaporation of water and, thus, a decrease in the volume of water. This would result in a decrease in the mass and therefore increase the value of ‘c’. Use of a lid to cover the beaker would help control this error. 4. The power of heater was not measured – We assumed the power mentioned in the packaging to be absolutely true and without uncertainties, but this might not be true. If we measured these ourselves, we would also know the uncertainties and therefore, get a more accurate value. 5. Power of heater changes with change in temperature – A change in temperature results in a change in the resistance of the heating coil and therefore, the power changes as well. 6. Use of tap water – Tap water contains many impurities, which affects water’s specific heat capacity. Using distilled water would help reduce this. 7. Beaker and heater were not cooled down completely after each trial – The beaker and the heater were rinsed a few times very briefly. This means that they were not cooled down properly and therefore, that provided certain energy to the water. This decreases the value of ‘c’. 8. The volume of water was measured instead of the mass – The density of water was assumed to be 1 gcm-3, which might not be true because of the impurities in tap water. Directly measuring the mass would have given better results. From these, the most significant errors would be the heat lost to the surroundings and the evaporation in the process. Controlling these two would give a more accurate result.

Case Study Bharat Airways

Case Study Bharat Airways Evaluating the case and the plan of action for Bharat Airways The main problem facing Bharat Airways is the poor relationship between employees and management. In fact, the firm is deficient of human resources management competencies. Managing employees is one of the critical factors that contribute to the organizations success.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Case Study: Bharat Airways specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Poor leadership styles are the other problems facing the firm. In fact, the firm has chosen autocratic leadership style that has resulted into deprived relationship between employees and the top management. The result is reduced performance among employees, which eventually have negative effect on the performance of the firm. Bharat Airways should come up with various strategies that would address the employees concerns and the leadership styles. The first strategy is to change leadership and the management styles. The Company should adopt leadership and management approaches that motivate and encourage employees towards attainment of the organizations goals (Bass Riggio, 2008). In addition, the leadership and management styles should encourage communication between the employees and senior management and remove vices such as discrimination that tend to discourage employees’ work performances. Moreover, the leadership style should focus on creating positive change among employees through encouraging creativity and innovativeness in solving the problems facing the organization. The other plan for the organization should focus on creating positive relationship with the customers. Focusing on positive relationship with the customers entails generating services with additional value that satisfy clients beyond their expectations. Ensuring that the services provided are beyond the customers’ expectations will increase the firm’s clients’ base (Bangs, 2002). Focusing on customers will also ensure increased sales and revenue, which is critical for the growth and development of the firm. Research methodology In order to investigate the root causes of the problems faced by Bharat Airways, the study will utterly be a quantitative research. The requisite research data will be gathered across the study population through random sampling strategy.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A research technique dubbed as survey method will essentially be drawn on while descriptive statistics will be applied to help analyze the obtained data. By employing these research methods, any unanticipated research hypothesis will possibly be suggested, formulated and the study will be quicker and somewhat cheap. Besides, while investigating root causes of the problems, descriptive quantitative study method is considered suitable for th is particular research. Thus, the researcher intends to conduct the research study using Bharat Airways employees, customers, and the firm’s key informants whereby data will be gathered using a sample size of 200 hundred respondents. In fact, appropriate study sample will be chosen through organized random collection process. Research questions including the number of trained and untrained workforce, employees’ satisfaction, the rate of turnover, communication channels, leadership styles and customer contentment level will be asked. The researcher will administer a well-designed and tested study questionnaire to the respondents during survey to generate first hand research data. For the survey execution and design to be both effective and resourceful, the researcher will use follow-up mailings, response incentives, and offer pre-notification protocol advice to the study respondents. The implementation and administration of the research instruments following these strat egies will influence the general realization of satisfactory responses and successful generation of research data. Research Instrument Developing the research questionnaire is one of the key aspects of the study methodology given that the instrument is intended to serve its intended purposes. The instrument will follow the nine steps iterative guideline or framework proposed that will improve the content validity. The survey instrument also known as research questionnaire will be espoused and drawn on in this particular study both for conceptual and practical reasons. Thus, in this research, the root causes of the problems will be measured using organizational values as well as the employees, customers and management opinions.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Case Study: Bharat Airways specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Due to time and cost constraints, random sampling will be used to select the required responden ts. Although random sampling is quick and convenient method for selecting the participants, the researcher is free to select the participants who are accessible and convenient though not necessarily representative. Every respondent will be informed about voluntary participation and the level of confidentiality given to the information provided. In fact, the researcher will request the participants not to indicate their names and other personal or confidential information on the questionnaires to increase the chances of participation. Besides, the level of participation will be handled by informing the participants about the significance of the study. All these measures will assist in reducing non-response rates. Data analysis Given the nature of the research study to be conducted, descriptive statistics will be used to analyze data. In addition, data will be edited to ensure logical completeness and response consistency. Besides, the collected research information will be analyzed q ualitatively and quantitatively. The qualitative data will be analyzed using logical analysis and content analysis techniques. Regression analysis will be conducted to determine the relationship between the factors being investigated. The transactional and transformational style of leadership and the best leadership style for Bharat Airways Transactional leadership Transactional leadership focuses on the interactions between the top management and employees. In fact, in transactional leadership styles, rewards and punishments are used as a form of motivation. Rewards are in various forms and are provided to employees with increased performances and loyalty. Transactional leadership styles are effective in situations where increased performance is the major objective of the organization (Bass Riggio, 2008). In addition, transactional leadership works better in the circumstances where the problems can clearly be observed and simple. In other words, employees understand the limit and the consequences of their actions.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One of the major disadvantages of the form of leadership is that employees are aligned to the organizations requirements. In other words, transactional leadership does not encourage innovativeness and creativity in solving the organizational issues (Bass Riggio, 2008). In other words, the leadership style does not allow employees to be creative and innovative in getting solutions to the problems. Employees do not contribute creatively and innovatively in getting solutions affecting their work processes. The leadership style is not suitable in complex organizations where creativity and innovativeness remains critical in the attainment of goals and objectives. Most importantly, under complex situations where employees’ contribution is emphasized, transactional leadership is not the best approach (Bass Riggio, 2008). Essentially, Bharat Airways cannon apply transactional leadership style in managing employees given the complexity of the organization and the current situation. Transformational leadership Transformational leadership is characterized by its inspirational nature and positive changes it creates in an organization. Transformational leadership takes into consideration the concerns of employees and is focused on encouraging employees to achieve the goals of the organization. In fact, transformational leadership is geared towards creating positive change among employees. Moreover, in transformational leadership style, the members of the team are encouraged to attain the desired results on the assigned tasks. Further, leaders impart the vision of the group and take into consideration the members’ contribution in the attainment of the results. Besides, Transformational leaders have greater vision as well as inspirational characteristics, which is applied to motivate and change the expectations as well as perceptions of employees to work towards the desired goals and outcome. Given the circumstances in Bharat Airways, transformational leaders hip style is the best employees’ management approach. The reason is that employees of Bharat Airways need to be encouraged, motivated and inspired towards attaining the goals of the organization. In addition, Bharat Airways need visionary leaders to inspire and motivate employees towards attaining the desired outcome. Such characteristics are found in the transformational leadership style. The immediate steps to improve the situation of the organization The first step is to create a vision for the organization and formulate clear objectives that are achievable and measurable. Once the vision, mission and objectives have been formulated, a clear strategy outlining the steps on how the organization’s goals will be attained is then established. The vision, goals, and strategies are communicated to the employees as well as other stakeholders of the organization. Imparting the vision, goals and strategies will ensure that all stakeholders are involved in the attainment of t he organization’s goals. The second step is to come up with strategies that will ensure a change in the management of employees and leadership styles. The new management style will remove obstacles that alienate employees from work processes. The leadership style should encourage employees towards attaining the desired outcome. Implementing 7P’s marketing mix Product strategies The firm designs and produces varieties of airline products and services. The services include in-flight and on ground services. However, the innovative capabilities of the firm will be fully utilized to ensure the development and production of quality products and services that offer varied airways choices for customers (Constantinides, 2006). Moreover, the firm will aspire to introduce creative airline services and products in the airways market to establish its brand name. The products and services will be improved to suit the customer needs and bring convenience, a mixture of value and quali ty. Pricing strategies As expected, quality and increased value will attract high prices (Constantinides, 2006). Most of the Bharat Airways services are middle-high priced. However, the firm offer services that target all clients including high-end, middle and low classed travelling customers. The high-quality high-prices strategy will be applied particularly to outperform other airline competitors. In addition, the pricing strategy will be aimed at widening the spectrum of customers being targeted. In fact, the firm has been targeting customers at all levels. As such as, commissions or discounted prices will be offered to clients who use airlines often. Nevertheless, with entry of more competitors in the airline industry, Bharat Airways will widen its scope and capture the middle, high, and low-income clientele. Bharat Airways will also offer different prices to the clients including apex fares, low cost, cheap value, premium and value for money. Placing strategies Bharat Airways w ill adopt the business to customer distribution channel in order to directly deal with its customers. Direct interaction with customers will lead to the development of products and services that suit the customers’ needs. Moreover, direct sales of products and services will lead to prolonged market share. However, the routes of the airline around the world are still limited given that the firm is centrally placed. Therefore, Bharat Airways will expand its operation routes to reach all sorts of customers. The placement strategies will include offering affiliated services with different companies, using travelling or tour operator agencies, as well as making the twenty-four hours online reservation systems available to all clients. The promotion strategies The promotion strategies to be used by Bharat Airways will include advertising, public relations and sales promotions. The firm will use innovative advertising to attract and inform customers about products and services offer ed both in mass and digital media. Besides, Bharat Airways will associate its products and service with sports companies to increase brand name awareness and maintain public relations. The success of Bharat Airways in public relations will improve its goodwill and attract public attention. Further, Bharat Airways will provide special offers to associated sports people as a way of stimulating and retaining the customers’ loyalty. People Mix strategies Bharat Airways will employ a pool of competent and reliable workforce to deliver airline services to the customers. During recruitment, qualities such as responsiveness, compassionate attitude and problem cracking capabilities will be assessed. Besides, all employees must depict goodwill and inventiveness before being hired in the firm. Process mix strategy Given that Bharat Airways aims to deliver quality airline services to the clients, the organization will offer flight entertainment, repast services, luggage management servic es, airport facilities, flight statistics and reservation services. Physical evidence Bharat Airways will provide both in-flight and ground services to the clients. The in-flight services will include having tags or markers, luggage, ambiance, uniform, sanitation, decent inner surfaces, seats alignments and branded airplanes. On the ground, physical evidence will include branded tickets, logos, paperwork, ticket or booking offices. References Bangs, D H 2002, The market planning guide: creating a plan to successfully market your business, product, or service, Kaplan Publishing, UK. Bass, BM Riggio, R E 2008, Transformational Leadership, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Mahwah, New Jersey. Constantinides, E 2006, â€Å"The marketing mix revisited: towards the 21st century marketing,† Journal of Marketing Management, Vol. 22 no.3, pp.407-438.